Mid-term exam

this is a sample
http://www.mediafire.com/?5qt72t915js5ijb

or try this
Nora Al-Ajaji for uploading

The Mid- term Does not include the strategies.
Last point included is (i) The use of loan words on the source text

the definition included is :

Translation in general
Written translation
Oral Translation
Machine Translation
Equivalence
Dialect

Should be memorised by heart!

If there are examples, understand how they are related to the topic.




any questions, please, post them here.


HERE IS THE POWER POINT INFORMATION
please, DO NOT depend on it!! You can refer to the examples to remind you of the lecture:


• Equivalence at Word Level

Misconceptions about Translation

misconception ( noun )
mis‧con‧cep‧tion [uncountable and countable]
an idea which is wrong, but which people believe it’s true because they
do not understand the subject properly

• There is a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning.

a word-for-word translation cannot take into account context, grammar,
conventions, and idioms.
Also, consider a word such as:
rebuild = re build
EX. The Joke: “ I student one burger.”

2. Anyone who can speak a second language will make a good translator.
Your family expects you to translate whatever happens on TV. If you
fail, they accuse you of playing and not studying enough.
the best translations are produced by persons who are translating into
their own native languages.

The Segmentation of Experience
(a) appreciating the ‘value‘ that a word has in a given system
Understanding the difference in the structure of semantic fields in the
source and target languages allows a translator to judge the value of a given
item in a lexical set.
EX. The semantic field of “TEMPRETURE”:
English : cold, cool, hot and warm
Arabic: barid (‘cold/cool‘), haar (‘hot: of the weather’). Saakhin
(‘hot: of objects}, and daafi' (‘warm')

Now translate:
• The air was cold and the wind was like ice.
• Outside the air was still cool.

[/font](b) developing strategies for dealing with non-equivalence.
Semantic Fields are arranged hierarchically,
going from the more general to the more specific. The general word is usually
referred to as superordinate and the specific word as Hyponym.
EX. In the field of VEHICLES (superordinate) ;
bus, car, truck, coach (Hyponyms)

• (b) developing strategies for dealing with non-equivalence.
• We can sometimes USE this feature of semantic
fields when we are faced with semantic gaps in the target language. Translators
often deal with semantic gaps by modifying a superordinate word or by means of
circumlocutions based on modifying super ordinates.



• propositional meaning
It come from the relation between the word and what it refers to .
Ex. It would be inaccurate to use shirt, to refer to as socks
or to say window when talking about doors.
When a translation is described as ‘inaccurate`, we are often talking about the propositional meaning .

• Expressive meaning
It cannot be judged as true or false. This is because expressive meaning
relates to the speaker's feelings or attitude
Ex. The difference between Don't complain and Don't whinge (whine)
whinge, expresses that the speaker finds the action annoying.

A sacrifice must be made to overcome this problem;
a) grammatical level,
b) lexical level
c) semantic level (meaning)

The term ‘equivalence’, is used by translation theorists and
critics to describe the choices made during the process of transferring an
original or Source text (ST) into a Target Text (TT).

• Collocational restrictions:
Ex. English: laws are broken; Arabic: they are ‘contradicted’.
Ex. English: cars are broken; Arabic: they are ‘out of order’.
Ex. English: dishes are broken; Arabic: they are ‘broken.


Evoked Meaning
Evoked meaning arises from dialect , which is a variety of
language which has currency within a specific community. It may be classified
as:

• Geographical
Ex. British :lift , American: elevator
Ex. Saudi : /khaddamah/ (maid), UAE : /bishkarah/

• Temporal
Ex. Old English :verily , Modern English :really
Ex. Old Arabic :/thakalatk omok/(damn you), Modern Arabic : /Allah yakhethek/

• Social
Ex. High Class : serviette, middle class: napkin
Ex. High Class : /rouj/ rouge , middle class: /hoomrah/


_____Common problems of non-equivalence
a. Culture-specific concepts
it may relate to a religious belief /zakat/,
a social custom /takhfeer/ ,
or even a type of food. /kabsah/

b. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language
Ex. “standard”, “landslide”
(c) The source-language word is semantically complex
• “Arruaqao”: A Brazilian word which means ‘clearing the ground
under coffee trees of rubbish and piling it in the middle of the row in order
to aid in the recovery of beans dropped during harvesting'
• “A’ashoora’a”

(d) The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning
• Arabic makes a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns:
i.e. /tabakh/ for males and /tabakhah/ for females. English does not make this
distinction.
• /a’ammah/ /khalah/ = aunt

(e) The target language lacks a superordinate
• The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no
general word (superordinate) to head the semantic field. Arabic has no ready
equivalent for the ( grocery aisle ) at the super market. Meaning
‘a place to buy canned food, detergents, etc `. It does, however, have several
specific names for items on that isle such as: /ta’am moa’alab/ , /
monadhifat/, /baharat/, /meknasah/ etc.


(f) The target language lacks specific term (hyponym)
• More commonly, languages tend to have general words
(superordinate) but lack specific ones (hyponyms), since each language makes
only those distinctions in meaning which seem relevant to its particular
environment.
Ex. English: (superordinate)article : (hyponyms): feature,
survey, report, critique, commentary, review.
it is difficult to find precise equivalents in other languages.

(g) Differences in expressive meaning
Arabic, shuthooth jinsi (literally: ‘sexual perversion‘), is
inherently more pejorative and would be quite difficult to use in a neutral
context without suggesting strong disapproval.

(h) Differences in form
(-er/-ee) employer/employee, (-ish) boyish, greenish, (-able) applicable, drinkable
Arabic, for instance, has no ready mechanism
for producing such forms and so they are often replaced by an appropriate
paraphrase.


(i) The use of loan words in the source text

1- Quite apart from their respective propositional meaning, loan words such as aufait, chic, and
alfresco in English are often used for their prestige value, because they
can add an air of sophistication to the text or its subject matter. This means
that only the propositional meaning be rendered into the TT; its stylistic
effect would almost certainly have to be sacrificed.

2- Loan words also pose
another problem for the unwary translator, namely the problem of false
friends, which are words or expressions which have the same form in two or
more languages but convey different meanings.
• Ex. English : Nervous, Arabic: /metnarfiz/
• Ex. English : pulling my leg, Arabic: /tes’hab regli/

Miss, the link doesn't work with me

the link doesn't work miss

it works fine with me.
don't just right-click & save.
open the page then skip the add by clicking (SKIP AD) on the upper-right corner after waiting 5 seconds.

or just give me a link to a trusted up-loading site.

can any one upload it on another site and post a link here?

hi Miss Dana,
the link works with me fine but I want to ask you, until where is the exam ?
you didn't till us last Sunday because you were hurry

Al-Dana Al-Swailem wrote:

can any one upload it on another site and post a link here?

It works now with me

Quote :

hi Miss Dana,
the link works with me fine but I want to ask you, until where is the exam ?
you didn't till us last Sunday because you were hurry

same question
till page 24 right ?

Lojain Al-Othman wrote:

Quote :

hi Miss Dana,
the link works with me fine but I want to ask you, until where is the exam ?
you didn't till us last Sunday because you were hurry

same question
till page 24 right ?

and me , I don't know .. we're waiting the answer

last item included in the exam is the loan word problem, before strategies for professional translators.
(the strategies are not included)

Nora Al-Ajaji wrote:

Al-Dana Al-Swailem wrote:

can any one upload it on another site and post a link here?

thank you Nora

Please read the first topic, i edited it.

It's my pleasure Teacher

I added the power point for the last lesson included in the mid.
remember, do not depend on it alone.
it serves you as a reminder of what we focused on.

Nora Al-Ajaji wrote:

good evening Miss.Dana

I want to make sure about the definitions of (Equivalence,Dialect)

Equivalence:
The term ‘equivalence’, is used by translation theorists and critics to describe the choices made during the process of transferring an original or Source text (ST) into a Target Text (TT).

Dialect:
A dialect is a variety of language which has currency within a specific com• munity or group of speakers.

do these above definitions right ?

yes they are.

Hi ms.Dana

I just want to ask about the definition of machine translation from where to where?

Thanks

Raghad Al-Salama wrote:

Hi ms.Dana

I just want to ask about the definition of machine translation from where to where?

Thanks

seven lines until "scientific translation".

[b]

hello ms ..
i want to ask you
pages 11&12 are they include the exam ?

Of course!

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته ،

Miss Dana , I'm Rawan Al-Otaibi , class :42

I was absent on Saturday , and you have been told my friend that
I must bring an excuse to take the make up exam .. and I bring it ..

I want to ask , to which page on the handout should I study ?


thanx ... : )

Rawan Hindi Al-Otaibi wrote:

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته ،

Miss Dana , I'm Rawan Al-Otaibi , class :42

I was absent on Saturday , and you have been told my friend that
I must bring an excuse to take the make up exam .. and I bring it ..

I want to ask , to which page on the handout should I study ?


thanx ... : )

The Mid- term Does not include the strategies.
Last point included is (i) The use of loan words on the source text